African Americans have resisted historic and ongoing oppression, in all forms, especially the racial terrorism of lynching, racial pogroms, and police killings since our arrival upon these shores. These efforts have been to advocate for a dignified self-determined life in a just democratic society in the United States and beyond the United States political jurisdiction. The 1950s and 1970s in the United States was defined by actions such as sit-ins, boycotts, walk outs, strikes by Black people and white allies in the fight for justice against discrimination in all sectors of society from employment to education to housing. Black people have had to consistently push the United States to live up to its ideals of freedom, liberty, and justice for all. Systematic oppression has sought to negate much of the dreams of our griots, like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, and our freedom fighters, like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Septima Clark, and Fannie Lou Hamer fought to realize. Black people have sought ways to nurture and protect Black lives, and for autonomy of their physical and intellectual bodies through armed resistance, voluntary emigration, nonviolence, education, literature, sports, media, and legislation/politics. Black led institutions and affiliations have lobbied, litigated, legislated, protested, and achieved success...Check out these links to learn more about historical and contemporary issues on black resistance:As societal and political forces escalate to limit access to and exercise of the ballot, eliminate the teaching of Black history, and work to push us back into the 1890s, we can only rely on our capacity to resist. The enactment of HR 40, the John Lewis Voting Rights Act, the Breathe Act, and the closure of the racial wealth gap is not the end. They too will require us to mobilize our resources, human and material, and fight for “freedom, justice, and equality”; “self-determination”, and/or “social transformation.” p> This is a call to everyone, inside and outside the academy, to study the history of Black Americans’ responses to establish safe spaces, where Black life can be sustained, fortified, and respected.
- The American Social History Project at CUNY: Historicizing Black Resistance in the U.S.
- Black Perspectives: Black Resistance to Segregation in the Nineteenth Century
- Equal Justice Initiative: Segregation in America
- History Matters: “Let Us Reason Together”: W. E. B. Du Bois Defends Black Resistance
- Jim Crow Museum at Ferris State University: Attacking Segregation
- Library of Congress: Resistance and Abolition
- Library of Congress: The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom
- National Humanities Center: Freedom's Story - Slave Resistance
- The New York Times Style Magazine: Black Spirituals as Poetry and Resistance
- Simon & Schuster: Resistance Stories from Black History for Kids
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